About a month ago, Dr. Ho taught a cow eyeball dissection to a grade 7 science glass. Many of the students noted the excess dark pigment which rubbed off many of the structures within the eye which naturally led to some discussion of albinism.
Albinism is a condition that reduces the amount of melanin pigment formed in skin. Since this colored pigment absorbs ultraviolet light, those with albinism who typically have a fair complexion are more prone to sun damage to their skin and eyes. People can have various degrees of pigment reduction too – not everyone with albinism has white hair and blue eyes. Those with ocular albinism have noticeable pigment reduction specifically in their eyes but may still have light hair and skin color. Contrary to popular belief, those with albinism do not have red eyes. It is the reduction of pigment in the eye structures that allow for the ‘red’ blood vessels in the back of the eye to be seen in pictures.
Many patients with albinism require low vision services. Poor vision from ocular albinism results from abnormal development of both the retina and nerve connections between the eye and brain. These structural differences may result in co-existing eye conditions, such as congenital nystagmus (the horizontal back and forth movement of the eyes) and strabismus (the outward or inward turn of the eyes). Many patients also require significant prescription glasses or contacts.
Low vision disability may vary from legal blindness of best corrected acuity of 20/200 to worst. Those with milder central visual impairment and normal side vision may still qualify for bioptic telescope driving. Various low vision aids, such as magnifiers and computer programs may help with hobbies, readings, and occupational demands. Prescription tinted filters and/or contact lenses can also help manage light sensitivity. Tinted eyewear helps one better pick out an object from the background.
For more information about ocular albinism and albinism in general, check out National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation or NOAH which provides excellent resources for parents, teachers, caregivers, and health professional. (http://www.albinism.org/)